This book presents a fresh perspective on how bilateral relations are shaped not only by national-level diplomacy but by the interplay of various governance levels-including municipal, regional, national, and supranational actors. Through this approach, the book highlights the nuanced and multi-layered nature of diplomacy in the modern era, moving beyond the traditional state-centric model and bringing attention to the significance of subnational and non-state actors in shaping global relationships.  

This book goes further by exploring  how German federal states (Bundesländer) and cities engage directly with their Chinese counterparts, examining the nature of these interactions